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法律英語 |
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傅偉良:文體與法律翻譯 |
出處:法律顧問網·涉外dl735.cn
時間:2012/3/19 15:41:35 |
傅偉良:文體與法律翻譯(5)
2)句子結構的理解與翻譯
Skills of Translation
法律英語的句子結構以長句為主,往往出現從句套從句的現象,一個長句包含了一連環的若干個從句,中間還有插入語。翻譯好這樣的長句,主要采用“切割法”,即在原文句子中的主從句聯接處、連詞處、關系代詞處切斷。翻譯時,首先要重理解原文,要耐心讀懂長句,分析長句中各意群的關系,然后按意群,并按其邏輯關系,譯成漢語分句,使譯入語層次分明,意思連貫,語言通順,邏輯性強。
例1:
原文:
Now the Condition of the above-written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor’s part to be performed and observed in accordance with the true purport intent and meaning thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sustained by the Employer thereby up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alteration in terms of the said Contractor or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed, completed and defects in the Works remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer of the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract of the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.
Notes:
1)這句話由170多個詞構成,中間只有了一逗號,由if, or, but 等連詞把幾層意思連成一個整體。為了便于分析、闡述,現將原句切分成幾部分,簡稱各部分為A、B、C、D。
2)句子的A部分:Now the Condition of the above-written Guarantee is such that, 是句子的主要部分,比較簡單,除above-written及such that為法律英語用詞外,其它部分與普通英語表達別無兩樣。在英語里用定冠詞the 已有限定作用,限定Guarantee,但法律語言為了更明確限定Guarantee,又以above-written分詞短語作強調限定。Such也是進一步限定that引起的標語從句。在翻譯時,應把上述限定的語氣譯出來,可譯成:“上述保證書”,“規定如下”。
3)B部分即第一個if從句:if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor’s part to be performed and observed in accordance with the true purport intent and meaning thereof,句中shall是法律英語用詞,在這里表明主語the Contractor應盡責任。句中又以perform and observe兩個并列動詞,對主語行為職責規定的非常清楚,在翻譯時,也要把其含義譯出來,可譯成:“應切實履行并遵守”。句子的后半部分以of the said Contract來限制terms provisions conditions and stipulations后,又補以on the Contractor’s part to be performed and observed把責任限定到合同中規定的承包人一方所要履行和遵守的所有條款、條件及規定,繼而又以in accordance with the true purport intent and meaning thereof明確提出承包人履行這些條款、條件及規定的根據。這樣就以三個介詞短語和一個不定式短語把前后兩部分嚴密組織在一起,把承包人對于合同應承擔的責任作為此保證書有效的一個條件講得清清楚楚,翻譯時,應注意保證對原文文體的適應性原則,譯好上述三個短語的嚴密結構,不必苛求短句。句中的thereof為法律英語用詞,意為of the Contract。
4)C部分原文是:or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sustained by the Employer thereby up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect,這部分以or if引出另一種可能性,如果承包人不執行所規定的條款如何?則保證人應負有賠償業主損失的責任。原文在闡述這一層意思時,既簡明又嚴密。僅用on default就省去了條件從句,接著對于賠償金額以up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee給予明確規定,使違約者無可抵賴,也無從討價還價,以保證書上的數目為準。后又接then引出賠償后,保證書何去何從?以shall be null and void這樣一個法律用語來宣告保證書對于責任保證作用已無效。然后,又以but otherwise假設出另一種相反的情況,也就是同一問題的另一個方面。此部分語言十分精煉,以otherwise代替了一個完整的條件從句,主句的主語也省略,以be 和remain來強調保證書具有的全部效力。翻譯此段時應注意譯文語言的邏輯關系,以通順的漢語來表達原文的含義,達到“雅”的程度,可譯成:或者如果承包人違約,則保證人應賠償業主因此而蒙受的損失,直至到達上述保證金額,屆時,本保證書所承擔的義務即告終止,否則保證書仍保持完全效力。
5) D部分的原文是:but no alteration in terms of the said Contractor or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed, completed and defects in the Works remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer of the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract of the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.
D部分較長,以but引出一個并列句。句子長主要是由于對三個并列主語的修飾、限制部分較多,如果簡而言之的話,原句可以縮簡為:
no alteration and no allowance nor any forbearance or forgiveness shall release the Guarantor form any liability.
這樣分解,很快看清句子結構,弄明白這一部分的主要內容,但作為合同文件,必須把主語的三個部分的事項、范圍、程度規定得一清二楚。所以三個主語都分別以若干個介詞短評和不定式短語加以限定,且用no的名詞否定形式比用動詞的否定式埸具有法律的權威性,謂語部分又以“in, any, way”加強力度,以under the above-written Guarantee限定職丙范圍。原文中B、C、D三部分把A部分的condition條件作了嚴密的闡述。監于一條款文需要就某個問題講清楚,要排除不必要的情況,限定所需的情況,這就需要有許多起限定作用的介詞短語,分詞短語、起起排除或附加作用的插入語、假設各種情況發生的從句。
歸納上述分析,句子結構如同房子結構,弄不清一座大樓的結構,就會在樓里轉來轉去出不來,所以掌握法律文件的句子結構,要理出句子結構首先要找出主句的主語謂語部分,先去掉與之相關的各種限制短語或從句,再找出并列句或主從句之間的連接詞,把并列部分或從屬部分進行適當切割,再對每一切割部分進行上述過程的分解,就可縷順各部分之間的關系。在這樣基礎上進行漢譯,譯入語的質量就能保證。
譯文:
茲將履行上述書面保證書的條件規定如下:如果承包人應切實履行并遵守所簽署的上述合同中規定的承包人一方按合同的真實旨意、意向和含義所應履行和遵守的所有條款、條件及規定或者,如果承包人違約,則保證人應賠償業主因此而蒙受的損失,直至到達上述保證金額,屆時,本保證書所承擔的義務即告終止,否則保證書仍保持完全效力,但所簽合同條款的改變或對工程的施工、完成及根據合同修補其缺陷的性質和范圍的任何變更,以及業主或工程師根據上述合同給予的時間寬限,或上述工程師方面對上述合同有關事宜所做的任何容忍或寬恕,均不能解除保證人所承擔的上述保證書規定的義務。
例2:
原文:
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
Notes:
1)此句有主句、有分句、又有并列,在各分句中有從句,插入語,省略句型等,似乎很難翻,但從總體來看只是一句并列句,按其邏輯關系逐一譯出,并不難。
2)原文“The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year;”為該句第一部分。其中“of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year,”為省略部分,分別省略了“The seats of the Senators”和“shall be vacated”,為使法律條文表述清楚,在中譯英時,應把原語省略部分譯出,因此應譯成:“第二級參議員應在他們第四年任期滿時將其席位空出,第三級參議員應在他們第六年任期滿時將其席位空出”。句中的“so that one-third may be chosen every second year;”是由so that引導的表示結果的狀語從句,應譯成:“這樣每隔兩年應選舉三分之一的參議員”, may與shall一樣是法律英語用詞,也表示“應該”、“可以”,但力度比shall弱。
3)原文“and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.” 為該句第二部分,是一句主從句,有if引導的條件從句,主句中還有一句由which引導的定語從句,按照長句“切割法”的翻譯方法,把主從句分成三個分句譯出,可譯成:“如果因辭職或其它原因發生參議員席位空缺,又時處州立法機構休會期間,州立法機構執行官可臨時指任席位,其任期至州立法機構召開下一次會議,屆時州立法機構應正式彌補上述空缺。”。“the Executive thereof”意為“the Executive of the Legislature”之意。Otherwise是apart from that 之意,因此譯成:“又…..”.
譯文:
第一級參議員應在他們第二年任期滿時將其席位空出,第二級參議員應在他們第四年任期滿時將其席位空出,第三級參議員應在他們第六年任期滿時將其席位空出,這樣每隔兩年應選舉三分之一的參議員。如果因辭職或其它原因發生參議員席位空缺,又時處州立法機構休會期間,州立法機構執行官可臨時指任席位,其任期至州立法機構召開下一次會議,屆時州立法機構應正式彌補上述空缺。
例3:
原文:
In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.
Notes:
1)此句從總體來看是一句并列句,在各分句中有主從句及從句中的并列句。按照長句“切割法”的翻譯方法,按各分句從句的邏輯關系逐一譯出,并不難譯。
2)原句In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President,為本句的第一部分。句中“in case of ”與“in case that”為法律英語常用的詞組,意為“如果”, “in case of ”用于短語,“in case that”用從句。例如:“In case that the Supplier fails to deal with such claim or conduct such proceedings, the Owner may do so at the cost and risk of the Supplier in accordance with the above-mentioned terms and provisions of indemnify.”(如供應人不能處理索賠或訴訟,業主可以自行處理,根據上述賠償的規定應由供應人承擔費用和風險。)。句中the same在法律英語中常常用作代詞,是指上面提及的事,避免重復,這里是指:the powers and duties of the said office,在英譯中時,為使法律條文所表達的意思明確無誤,應把the same所代的含義譯出,即:“總統的權力與職責”。 句中devolve on是動詞,意為(of work, duties)be transferred or passed to sb ,為譯入文行文的需要,在英譯中時,可以進行詞義轉換,把原語的動詞轉譯成譯入語的名詞。此句可譯成:“如果總統免職、死亡、辭職或無能履行總統的權力與職責,應由副總統代理行使總統的權力與職責。”。
3)原句中and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.為句子的第二部分。該部包含兩層意思,第一層:the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President,句中provide for為關鍵詞,意為establish the legal basis or authority for sth to be done later,即“作出具體規定,提供法律依據”之意。這一層中還有一個分詞短語,并列來修飾主語the Congress。
第二層:and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.為復合句。句中the disability一詞在英譯中時,應將其深層含義譯出,該詞是指“上述提及的免職、死亡、辭職或無能履行情況”。句中a President一詞,根據上下文,應譯成“新總統”。因此,句子的第二部分可譯成:“國會可依法對總統和副總統的免職、死亡、辭職或無法履行的情況作出具體規定(提供法律依據),并宣布屆時由哪個官員來代理行使總統的權力與職責,在上述無能履行情況結束前或新總統選舉產生前,該官員應相應地代理行使權力與職責。”
譯文:
如果總統免職、死亡、辭職或無能履行總統的權力與職責,應由副總統代理行使總統的權力與職責。國會可依法對總統和副總統的免職、死亡、辭職或無法履行的情況作出具體規定(提供法律依據),并宣布屆時由哪個官員來代理行使總統的權力與職責,在上述無能履行情況結束前或新總統選舉產生前,該官員應相應地代理行使權力與職責。 |
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